
The Second Draft - Volume 34, No. 1
The Folly of the Embedded Full Citation: How the Bluebook and ALWD Manuals Encourage Weak Legal Writing DOWNLOAD PDF
April 22, 2021The two most prominent citation manuals for legal writing, the Bluebook and the ALWD Guide to Legal Citation, tell us that we may place full citations to legal authority in a
For a writer’s first and full citation to authority, the third option—the embedded citation—is a dubious choice at best, and beginning legal writers would benefit greatly from never embedding full citations into textual sentences. That’s right—never. The folly of the embedded citation shows up in examples in both the Bluebook and ALWD, and both manuals would do legal writers, especially beginning legal writers, a big favor by expressly discouraging its use for
Consider first this example from ALWD Rule 34.1(c), the embedded citation rule:
In International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945), the Court held that if the defendant was not present in the forum, due process required that he have certain minimum contacts with
that forum .
Often, a writer relies on a case for the first time (thereby requiring a full citation) in the topic sentence of a paragraph introducing a new idea—here, the minimum-contacts rule. However, as legal-writing textbooks appropriately point out, paragraphs should be organized around legal principles,
Where a defendant is not present in the forum, due process requires that he have certain minimum contacts with that forum.
Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) .
A rule-based topic sentence without an embedded citation works well precisely because of, not in spite of, the absence of the case name and citation from the textual sentence. The transition to the new paragraph is much smoother without the clunky
While textual references to full case names without citations avoid the distraction of the embedded citation, they still present the risk of the misguided “In [case name]” sentence opening. ALWD provides this dubious example in Rule 2.3, which governs references to cases in textual sentences:
In Performance Coal Co. v. Federal Mine & Health Review Commission, the court disagreed with the government’s interpretation of the statute .
The stronger option would be to lead with the actor (the court) and its action (disagreed):
The court has disagreed with the government’s interpretation of the statute. Performance Coal Co. v. Federal Mine & Health Review Comm’n [with citation].
In some circumstances, an experienced writer might want to highlight the identity of the deciding court and the name of the case—for example, in referencing well-known Supreme Court authority in a brief. The writer should still avoid a fully embedded citation, which hinders the flow of the sentence, and instead open the sentence with the actor and action—“The Court held.” Returning to the earlier example citing International Shoe, the following use of a textual case reference would suffice:
The Court held in International Shoe Co. v. Washington that, if the defendant was not present in the forum, due process requires that he have certain minimum contacts with that forum. 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945).
Shifting to the Bluebook, here is an example of a dubiously embedded full citation appearing in the Bluepages:
In Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 366 N.E.2d 1271 (N.Y. 1977), the court applied the diminution in value rule .
The court will apply the diminution in value rule. See Penn Central Transp. Co. v. City of New York, 366 N.E.2d 1271 (N.Y. 1977).
A writer wishing to focus on the identity of the decisional court could choose phrasing like the following:
The Court of Appeals has applied the diminution in value rule. Penn Central Transp. Co. v. City of New York, 366 N.E.2d 1271 (N.Y. 1977).
Unfortunately, by endorsing the embedded full citation and presenting clunky and wordy examples of its use, both ALWD and the Bluebook are encouraging inexperienced legal writers to do what is already their wont: embrace the safety of the immediate case reference in the textual sentence and avoid firmly asserting a rule. While ALWD does suggest that writers “
To be clear, subsequent references to a case, where a short-form citation would be appropriate, can usually appear in a textual sentence without a problem. By way of example, the second sentence after the topic sentence introducing the minimum contacts rule could appropriately begin with “In International Shoe, the Court . . .,” and then provide more specifics of the application of the minimum contacts rule in that case. A citation sentence with a short-form citation (326 U.S. at 316) would follow.
Embedded full citations to statutes and other non-case authorities are also problematic, albeit less so when the citation is shorter than a
The statute of limitations for such actions is one year as provided by
49 U.S.C. § 16(3)(f) .
The better and less wordy alternative would be—
The statute of limitations for such actions is one year. 49 U.S.C. § 16(3)(f).
In the sixth edition, the ALWD authors provide the following option, which, in an appropriate context, would be acceptable:
The court’s opinion quoted
49 U.S.C. § 16(3)(f) (2012) as authority for the one-year statute of limitations.
Beginning and experienced legal writers often overlook the ways in which embedded full citations—especially embedded full case citations—lead to wordy sentences that highlight legal authority instead of the legal principle for which that authority is being cited. Many legal writing professors actively discourage their students from cluttering their textual sentences with unnecessary citation information, but these lessons are undercut by each citation manual’s seeming endorsement of these embedded citations. To better complement legal writing instruction and good practice, the Bluebook and ALWD should revise their manuals to discourage the use of embedded full citations and to exclude example sentences beginning with “In [full case name].”